致船妹:执子之手,将子拖走
- 我国海上拖航合同法与国际海上拖航合同TOWCON 2008对比
任戊
图片来源网络仅供示意
江湖险恶,船妹闯荡其中,难免发生些意外,遇到坎自己过不去了,需要船姐拉一把。
船姐有意帮忙的,就会跟船妹谈谈心。谈成了,船妹就让船姐牵着走。
如果情况紧急,或者船姐、船妹不知道怎么谈的,可以简单说既然同意牵手了,那就没必要多扯,有什么问题就听小法的。
后来,船姐和船妹发现,实际上有的小法不靠谱,要么有些情况没说到,要么说到了但说得不清楚,不够接地气。
这时要船帮出面了。船帮有很多,最大是斌哥(BIMCO,Baltic and International Maritime Council),市场船妹占有率达65%,在120多个村寨有分舵。
为更好解决船姐和船妹的问题,斌哥(BIMCO)推出了“拖契(TOWCON)”和“拖租(TOWHIRE)”两种标准版本,当前是2008版。
这两种版本主要条款基本相同,区别主要是费用确定方式,TOWCON 2008是包干价(Lump Sum),TOWHIRE是按日租金计价(Daily Hire)。
经过实际操作,船姐和船妹发现,还是船帮打造的东西比较好用,其营造法式既全面又稳固,配合起来妥妥的。
在此,小法应向船帮同志学习,更重要是好好学习,争取青出于蓝而胜于蓝,而不能浅尝辄止,一瓶子不满,半瓶子咣当,站在船帮面前像个小二,难克大用。
船帮与小法,一在江湖,一在庙堂,爰居爰处,与子成说。
船姐和船妹择其善者,执子之手,将子拖走;就是要稳!
________________________________________________________________
海上拖航合同基本法律范畴分解与重整
之总体营造法式
【法律范畴一】拖航合同之定义
【法律范畴二】被拖方之签约授权保证
【法律范畴三】拖航合同形式和主要内容
【法律范畴四】拖航合同条款部分无效之情形
【法律范畴五】解约日及其延长
【法律范畴六】拖航合同之解除与终止
【法律范畴七】起拖地
【法律范畴八】目的地
【法律范畴九】拖轮之适航与被拖物之适拖
【法律范畴十】相关国际公约要求之满足
【法律范畴十一】许可和证书
【法律范畴十二】必要的绕航或慢行
【法律范畴十三】替代拖轮
【法律范畴十四】救助
【法律范畴十五】宽限时间(Free Time)
【法律范畴十六】辅助船员(Riding Crew)
【法律范畴十七】拖航设备及被拖物设备之使用
【法律范畴十八】冰冻条款
【法律范畴十九】战争
【法律范畴二十】拖航价款及支付条件
【法律范畴二十一】燃油价款调整
【法律范畴二十二】增加费用和额外成本
【法律范畴二十三】利息
【法律范畴二十四】担保
【法律范畴二十五】留置
【法律范畴二十六】责任和赔偿
【法律范畴二十七】喜马拉雅条款
【法律范畴二十八】诉讼时效
_________________________________________________________
我国海上拖航合同法与
国际海上拖航合同TOWCON 2008
之法律范畴分解、重整与对比
【法律范畴一】拖航合同之定义
1、TOWCON 2008【全称:International Ocean Towage Agreement (Lump Sum)】
PART I
It is mutually agreed between the party stated in Box 2 (hereinafter called “the Tugowner”) and the party stated in Box 3 (hereinafter called “the Hirer”) that the Tugowner shall, subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement which consists of PART I including additional clauses, if any agreed and stated in Box 41, PART II and Annex A, use its best endeavours to perform the towage or other service(s) as set out herein. In the event of a conflict of terms and conditions, the provisions of PART I and any additional clauses, if agreed, shall prevail those of PART II and Annex A to the extent of such conflict but no further.
PART II
1. Definitions
“Tugowner” means the party stated in Box 2.
“Hirer” means the party stated in Box 3.
“Tug” means the vessel or vessels stated in Boxes 13 to 16.
“Tow” means one or more vessels or objects of whatsoever nature including anything carried thereon as described in Boxes 4 to 12.
“Voyage” means the voyage described in Boxes 24 and 25.
“Restricted Waters” for the purpose of this Contract means the waterways described in Box 23.
2. Basis of the Agreement
The Tugowner agrees to render the service(s) to the Tow as set out in Box 23.
2、《海商法》
第一百五十五条
海上拖航合同,是指承拖方用拖轮将被拖物经海路从一地拖至另一地,而由被拖方支付拖航费的合同。
本章规定不适用于在港区内对船舶提供的拖轮服务。
第一百六十四条
拖轮所有人拖带其所有的或者经营的驳船载运货物,经海路由一港运至另一港的,视为海上货物运输。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿)
第8.1条 拖航合同,是指承拖方用拖轮将被拖物经海路或者与海相通的可航水域从一地拖至另一地,而由被拖方支付拖航费的合同。
本章规定不适用于在港区内对船舶提供的拖轮服务。
第8.10条
拖轮所有人拖带其所有的或者经营的驳船载运货物,由一港运至另一港的,视为货物运输。
【法律范畴二】被拖方之签约授权保证(备注:司法实践中易生争议,应予以明确规范)
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
29. Warranty of Authority
If at the time of making this Agreement or providing any service under this Agreement other than towing at the request, express or implied, of the Hirer, the Hirer is not the owner of the Tow referred in Box 4, the Hirer expressly represents that he is authorized to make and does make this Agreement for and on behalf of the owner of the said Tow and agrees that both the Hirer and the owner of the Tow are bound jointly and severally by the provisions of this Agreement.
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴三】拖航合同形式和主要内容(备注:我国海商法相关规定过于简略,且脱离商业做法)
1、TOWCON 2008
PART I
Box 1. Date and Place of Agreement
Box 2. Tugowner / Place of Business
Box 3. Hirer / Place of Business
Box 4. Tow (name and type)
Box 5. Gross tonnage / Displacement tonnage
Box 6. Maximum length / maximum breadth and towing draught (fore and aft)
Box 7. Flag and place of registry
Box 8. Registered Owners
Box 9. Classification Society
Box 10. P&I liability insurers
Box 11. General condition of tow
Box 12. Particulars of cargo and/or ballast and/or other property on board the tow
Box 13. Tug (name and type)
Box 14. Flag and place of registry
Box 15. Gross tonnage
Box 16. Classification Society
Box 17. P&I liability insurers
Box 18. Certificated bollard pull (if any)
Box 19. Indicated BHP
Box 20. Estimated daily average oil consumption in good weather and smooth water
Box 21. Winches and main towing gear
Box 22. Nature of service(s)
Box 23. Contemplated route (state restricted water if any)
Box 24. Place of Departure
Box 25. Place of Destination
Box 26. Free time at place of Departure
Box 27. Free time at place of Destination
Box 28. Free time for transiting canals and Restricted Waters
Box 29. Notice (Place of Departure)
Box 30. Delay Payment
Box 31. Riding crew to be provided by (also state number to be provided)
Box 32. If riding crew to be provided by Tugowner state amount per man per day payable by the Hirer
Box 33. Lump sum towage price (also state when each instalment due and payable)
Box 34. Payment of lump sum and other amounts (state currency, mode of payment, place of payment and bank acount)
Box 35. Interest rate (%) per annum to run from (state number of days) after any sum is due
Box 36. Financial security (state sum, by whom to be provided and when) (optional, only to be filled in if expressly agreed)
Box 37. Current cost of tug’s bunker oil (also state type of bunkers)
Box 38. Cancelling date
Box 39. Termination fee
Box 40. Dispute resolution
Box 41. Number of additional clauses, covering special provisions, if agreed
2、《海商法》
第一百五十六条
海上拖航合同应当书面订立。
海上拖航合同的内容,主要包括承拖方和被拖方的名称和住所、拖轮和被拖物的名称和主要尺度、拖轮马力、起拖地和目的地、起拖日期、拖航费及其支付方式,以及其他有关事项。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿)
第8.2条
拖航合同应当书面订立。
拖航合同的内容,主要包括承拖方和被拖方的名称和住所、拖轮和被拖物的名称和主要尺度、拖轮马力、起拖地和目的地、起拖日期、拖航费及其支付方式,以及其他有关事项。
【法律范畴四】拖航合同条款部分无效之情形
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
30. General
(a) If any one or more of the terms, conditions or provisions in this Agreement or any part thereof shall be held to be invalid, void or of no effect for any reason whatsoever, the same shall not affect the validity of the remaining terms, conditions or provisions which shall remain and subsist in full force and effect.
(b) For the purpose of this Agreement unless the context otherwise requires the singular shall include the plural and vice versa.
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴五】解约日及其延长
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
5. Extension to Cancelling Date
Should the Tug not be ready to commence the towage at the latest at midnight on the date indicated in Box 38, the Hirer shall have the option of cancelling this Agreement and shall be entitled to claim damages for detention if due to the willful default of the Tugowner.
(a) Should the Tugowner anticipate that the Tug will not be ready, he shall notify the Hirer thereof without delay stating the expected date of the Tug’s readiness and ask whether the Hirer will exercise his option to cancel.
(b) Such option to cancel must be exercised within forty-eight (48) hours after receipt of the tugowner’s notice, otherwise the third day after the date stated in the Tugowner’s notice shall be deemed to be the new agreed date to commence the towage in accordance with this Agreement.
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴六】拖航合同之解除与终止
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
22. Termination by the Hirer
(略)
23. Termination by the Tugowner
(略)
2、《海商法》
第一百五十八条
起拖前,因不可抗力或者其他不能归责于双方的原因致使合同不能履行的,双方均可以解除合同,并互相不负赔偿责任。除合同另有约定外,拖航费已经支付的,承拖方应当退还给被拖方。
第一百五十九条
起拖后,因不可抗力或者其他不能归责于双方的原因致使合同不能继续履行的,双方均可以解除合同,并互相不负赔偿责任 。
第一百六十条
因不可抗力或者其他不能归责于双方的原因致使被拖物不能拖至目的地的,除合同另有约定外,承拖方可以在目的地的邻近地点或者拖轮船长选定的安全的港口或者锚泊地,将被拖物移交给被拖方或 者其代理人,视为已经履行合同。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿)
第8.4条
起拖前,因不可抗力或者其他不能归责于双方的原因致使合同不能履行的,双方均可以解除合同,并互相不负赔偿责任。除合同另有约定外,拖航费已经支付的,承拖方应当退还给被拖方。
第8.5条 起拖后,因不可抗力或者其他不能归责于双方的原因致使合同不能继续履行的,双方均可以解除合同,并互相不负赔偿责任。
除另有约定外,拖航费按照实际完成的拖航部分确定。
第8.6条 尽管有第8.5条规定,因不可抗力或者其他不能归责于双方的原因致使被拖物不能拖至目的地的,除合同另有约定外,承拖方可以在目的地的邻近地点或者拖轮船长选定的安全的港口或者锚泊地,将被拖物移交给被拖方或者其代理人,视为已经履行合同。
【法律范畴七】起拖地
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
13. Place of Departure
(略)
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴八】目的地
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
14. Place of Destination
(略)
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴九】拖轮之适航与被拖物之适拖
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
19. Seaworthiness of the Tug
(略)
18. Tow-seaworthiness of the Tow
(略)
2、《海商法》
第一百五十七条
承拖方在起拖前和起拖当时,应当谨慎处理,使拖轮处于适航、适拖状态,妥善配备船员,配置拖航索具和配备供应品以及 该航次必备的其他装置、设备。
被拖方在起拖前和起拖当时,应当做好被拖物的拖航准备,谨慎处理,使被拖物处于适拖状态,并向承拖方如实说明被拖物的情况,提供有关检验机构签发的被拖物适合拖航的证书和有关文件。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿)第8.3条,同上。
【法律范畴十】相关国际公约要求之满足
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
32. BIMCO ISPS / MTSA Clause 2005
(略)
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴十一】许可和证书
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
17. Permits and Certificates
(略)
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴十二】必要的绕航或慢行
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
24. Necessary Deviation or Slow Steaming
(略)
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿)
【法律范畴十三】替代拖轮
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
20. Substitution of Tugs
(略)
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴十四】救助
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
21. Salvage
(略)
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴十五】宽限时间(Free Time)
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
6. Free time / Delay payment
(略)
7. Canal and Restricted Waters Transit
(略)
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴十六】辅助船员(Riding Crew)
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
15. Riding Crew
(略)
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴十七】拖航设备及被拖物设备之使用
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
16. Towing gear and Use of Tow’s gear
(略)
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴十八】冰冻条款
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
8. Ice Clause for Tug and Tow
(略)
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴十九】战争
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
10. War Risk Escalation Clause
(略)
27. War and other risks
(略)
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴二十】拖航价款及支付条件
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
3. Price and Conditions of Payment
(a) The hirer shall pay the Tugowner the sum set out in Box 33 (hereinafter called “the Lump Sum”).
(b) The Lump Sum shall be payable as set out in Boxes 33 and 34.
(c) The Lump Sum and all other sums payable to the Tugowner shall be payable without any discount, deduction, set-off, lien, claim or counter-claim, each installment of the Lump Sum shall be fully and irrevocably earned at the moment it is due as set out in Box 33, Tug and/or Tow or part of Tow lost or not lost, and all other sums shall be fully and irrevocably earned on a daily basis as set out as per Box 30.
(d) All payment by the Hirer shall be made in the currency and to the bank account specified in Box 34.
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴二十一】燃油价款调整
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
4. Bunker Price Adjustment
(a) This Agreement is concluded on the basis of the price per metric ton of bunker oil stated in Box 37.
(b) If the price actually paid by the Tugowner for bunker oil consumed during the Voyage should be higher, the difference shall be paid by the Hirer to the Tugowner.
(c) If the price actually paid by the Tugowner for bunker oil consumed during the Voyage should be lower, the difference shall be paid by the Tugowner to the Hirer.
(d) The log book of the Tug and copies of the bunker supplier’s invoices shall be conclusive evidence of the quantity of bunkers consumed and the price actually paid.
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴二十二】增加费用和额外成本
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
9. Additional Charges and Extra Costs
(a) The Hirer shall appoint his agents at the place of departure and place of destination and ports of call or refuge and shall provide such agents with adequate funds as required.
(b) The hirer shall bear and pay as and when they fall due:
(i) All port expenses, pilotage charges, harbor and canal dues and all other expenses of a similar nature, including those incurred under the provisions of Clause 24(b) (Necessary Deviation or Slow Steaming), levied upon or payable in respect of the Tug and Tow.
(ii) All taxes (other than those normally payable by the Tugowner in the country where he has his principle place of business and in the country where the Tug is registered), stamp duties or other levies payable in respect of or in connection with this Agreement or the payment of the Lump Sum or other sums payable under this Agreement or the services to be performed under or in pursuance of this Agreement, and Customs or Excise duties and any costs, dues or expenses payable in respect of any necessary permits or licenses.
(iii) The costs of the services of any assisting tugs when deemed necessary by the Tugmaster or prescribed by Port or other authorities.
(iv) All costs and expenses necessary for the preparation of the Tow for towing (including such costs or expenses as those of raising the anchor of the Tow or tending or casting off any moorings of the Tow).
(v) The cost of insurance of the Tow.
(c) All taxes, charges, costs, and expenses payable by the Hirer shall be paid by the Hirer direct to those entitled to them. If, however, such tax, charge, cost and expense is in fact paid by or on behalf of the Tugowner (notwithstanding that the Tugower shall under no circumstances be under any obligation to make such payments on behalf of the Hirer) the Hirer shall reimburse the Tugowner on the basis of the actual cost to the Tugowner upon presentation of invoice.
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴二十三】利息
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
11. Interest
If any amounts due under this Agreement are not paid when due, then interest shall accrue and shall be paid in accordance with the provisions of Box 35, on all such amounts until payment is received by the party to whom it is due.
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴二十四】担保
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
12. Financial Security
(略)
34. Security for claims
(略)
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴二十五】留置
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
28. Lien
(略)
2、《海商法》
第一百六十一条
被拖方未按照约定支付拖航费和其他合理费用的,承拖方对被拖物有留置权。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿)第8.7条,同上。
【法律范畴二十六】责任与赔偿
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
25. Liability and Indemnity
(略)
2、《海商法》
第一百六十二条
在海上拖航过程中,承拖方或者被拖方遭受的损失,由一方的过失造成的,有过失的一方应当负赔偿责任;由双方过失造成的,各方按照过失程度的比例负赔偿责任。
虽有前款规定,经承拖方证明,被拖方的损失是由于下列原因之一造成的,承拖方不负赔偿责任;
(一)拖轮船长、船员、引航员或者承拖方的其他受雇人、代理人在驾驶拖轮或者管理拖轮中的过失;
(二)拖轮在海上救助或者企图救助人命或者财产时的过失。
本条规定仅在海上拖航合同没有约定或者没有不同约定时适用。
第一百六十三条
在海上拖航过程中,由于承拖方或者被拖方的过失,造成第三人人身伤亡或者财产损失的,承拖方和被拖方对第三人负连带赔偿责任。除合同另有约定外,一方连带支付的赔偿超过其应当承担的比例的,对另一方有追偿权。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿)
第8.8条
除合同另有约定外,在拖航过程中,承拖方或者被拖方遭受的损失,由一方的过失造成的,有过失的一方应当负赔偿责任;由双方过失造成的,各方按照过失程度的比例负赔偿责任。但是经承拖方证明,被拖方的损失是由于下列原因之一造成的,承拖方不负赔偿责任:
(一)拖轮船长、船员、引航员或者承拖方的其他受雇人、代理人在驾驶拖轮或者管理拖轮中的过失;
(二)拖轮在海上救助或者企图救助人命或者财产时的过失。
第8.9条
在拖航过程中,由于承拖方或者被拖方的过失,造成第三人人身伤亡或者财产损失的,承拖方和被拖方对第三人负连带赔偿责任。除合同另有约定外,一方连带支付的赔偿超过其应当承担的比例的,对另一方有追偿权。
【法律范畴二十七】喜马拉雅条款
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
26. Himalaya Clause
(略)
2、《海商法》,无直接规定。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿),无直接规定。
【法律范畴二十八】诉讼时效
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
31. Time for Suit
Save for the indemnity provisions under Clause 25 (Liability and Indemnity) of this Agreement, any claim which may arise out of or in connection with this Agreement or of any towage or other service to be performed hereunder shall be notified within 6 months of delivery of the Tow or of the termination of the towage or other service for any reason whatever, and any suit shall be brought within one year of the time when the cause of action first arose. If either of these conditions is not complied with the claim and all rights whatsoever and howsoever shall be absolutely barred and extinguished.
Any extension of time granted by the Tugowner to the Hirer or any indulgence shown relating to the time limit set out in this Agreement shall not be a waiver of the Tugowner’s right under this Agreement to act upon the Hirer’s failure to comply with the time limit.
2、《海商法》
第二百六十条
有关海上拖航合同的请求权,时效期间为一年,自知道或者应当知道权利被侵害之日起计算。
3、《海商法》(修订征求意见稿)
第15.4条
有关海上拖航合同的请求权,诉讼时效期间为二年,自权利人知道或者应当知道权利被侵害之日起计算。
信德海事专栏作者:任戊,于广州
二〇一九年二月十四日
免责声明:本文仅代表作者个人观点,与信德海事无关。其原创性以及文中陈述文字和内容未经本站证实,对本文以及其中全部或者部分内容、文字的真实性、完整性、及时性本站不作任何保证或承诺,请读者仅作参考,并请自行核实相关内容。
投稿或联系信德海事:
admin@xindemarine.com