因船舶海水管道腐蚀，导致船舶进水沉没

01、事故类型

What the type of casualty

非常严重的海上事故：船舶机舱进水沉没

Very serious marine casualty: Engine-room flooding and foundering

02、事故经过

What happened?   

一艘1200总吨，装载铁渣的杂货船正在沿海航行，当时天气海况良好。该船通过VHF第16频道发出了求救电话，称其机舱进水，船逐渐下沉。船长随后命令船员启动救助艇，弃船。在附近航行的一艘集装箱船响应了求救电话，成功地从救助艇上救出了所有10名船员。这10名船员后来被转移到一艘海岸警卫队的船上。

A 1,200 GT general cargo ship, which was carrying iron slag on a cabotage voyage in good weather conditions, raised a Mayday call through VHF Channel 16, stating that its engine-room was flooding and that the ship gradually sinking. The Master then ordered his crew to launch the rescue boat to abandon the sinking ship. A containership navigating in the vicinity responded to the Mayday call and successfully rescued all 10 crew members from the rescue boat. The 10 crew members were later transferred to a Coast Guard boat.

由于进水，这艘杂货船沉没，并宣布全损。所幸事故没有造成油污、船员受伤或死亡。

As a result of the flooding, the general cargo ship sank and was declared a total loss.There was no oil pollution, crew injury or death arising from the incident.

03、事故原因

Why did it happen?

这艘1984年建造的杂货船在进坞期间对机舱内的海水管道（管道、阀门、密封件、垫圈）进行了定期维护和维修。水线以下的船体区域也进行了喷砂和喷漆，并更换了42个阳极锌块。水下钢板厚度测量结果表明，钢板厚度没有明显减小；因此，没有进行底板更新。然而，考虑到船龄，海水管道的腐蚀、腐烂和故障可能是导致进水的原因。

The 1984-built general cargo ship had carried out periodic maintenance and repair of the sea water pipelines (pipe, valve, seal, gasket) in the engine-room during dry-docking.Hull areas below the waterline were also blasted and painted, and 42 anodes were renewed.The result of the underwater plate thickness measurement had showed no appreciable diminution in the thickness of the steel plate; hence, no bottom plate steel renewal was made.However, considering the age of the vessel, it was postulated that corrosion, decay and failure in the sea water pipelines may have been contributory to the flooding.

轮机长在值班期间注意到，当机舱内的舱底水达到设定水平时，该警报已启动，他已将舱底水泵出。他还指示值班轮机员在每班开始时检查舱底液位。值班轮机员接到舱底水报警时正在机舱工作间工作。他注意到了警报，但没有立即调查舱底水警报的来源。后来，当意识到舱底水报警灯一直在闪烁时，他下楼检查机舱舱底，轮机长也去检查了。

The Chief Engineer had noted during his shift that the bilge alarm in the engine-room had been activated when it reached the set level, and he had pumped out the bilges. He had also given instructions to the Duty Engineer to check the bilge level at the beginning of each shift.The Duty Engineer was working in the engine-room workshop when he received the bilge water alarm. He acknowledged the alarm, but he did not immediately investigate the source of the bilge water alarm. Later, when realising that the bilge alarm light had kept blinking, he went down to check the engine-room bilges, joined by the Chief Engineer.

然而，他们无法确定进水点的具体位置，因为水位已经超过了发动机底板。在这个位置上，也不可能启动舱底泵。为了防止进一步损失，轮机长停止了主机，去驾驶台，并向船长通报了机舱内的情况。

They were however not able to identify the source of the flooding, as the water level had risen above the engine floor plate. At this level, it was also impossible to start the bilge pump. To prevent damage, the Chief Engineer stopped the main engine, went up to the bridge, and apprised the situation in the engine-room with the Master.

船长随后通过VHF第16频道发出求救信号，并命令船员放下承载6人的救助艇，准备弃船。船长没有启动通用报警，他也没有指示船员在弃船前关闭所有水密舱室。

The Master subsequently raised a Mayday call through VHF Channel 16 and ordered his crew to launch the six-person capacity rescue boat for abandoning the ship. The general alarm was not rung, and he also did not give instructions to his crew to close all water-tight compartments before abandoning the ship.

救助艇下水，10名船员全部集合，登上了6人容量的救助艇。一名船员没有穿救生衣就弃船了。

The rescue boat was launched, and all 10 crew were mustered and they boarded the six-person capacity rescue boat. One crew member abandoned the ship without wearing his life jacket.

04、事故启示

What can we learn? 

应特别注意由于船龄造成的机械、结构或材料故障。应特别注意老旧船上的海水管道，因为腐蚀和失效的可能性较高，这可能导致进水。

Pay particular attention to mechanical, structural or material failure due to the ship's age. Particular attention should be given to the seawater pipelines in older ships due to the higher probability of developing corrosion, decay and failure which could contribute to flooding.

保持有效的机舱监视和控制。值班轮机员不应分心执行其主机值班职责。当他第一次接到报警时，值班轮机员正在机舱工作间。在第一时间立即采取行动，查明进水位置，将为采取缓解措施提供充足的时间。

Keep effective engine-room watch and control. The Duty Engineer should not be distracted from performing his main engine watchkeeping duty. When he first received the alarm, the Duty Engineer was in the engine-room workshop.Immediate and prompt action at the first instance in identifying the source of the flooding would have provided sufficient time for mitigation actions to be taken.

定期进行培训和演习是很重要的。如果船上进行了定期的训练和演习，船长就会发出警报，并指示关闭水密舱室。船长会命令启动16人救生筏，而不是6人救助艇，以便10名船员弃船。船员们也会被训练去关闭水密舱室，并在集合点集合，穿上合适的救生衣。发出通用警报也会让船员们更加了解情况，关闭水密舱室会减缓船舶下沉速度。

The importance of conducting regular and periodic training and drills. Had regular and periodic training and drills been done on board, the Master would have rung the general alarm and would have given instruction to close the water-tight compartments. The Master would also have ordered the launching of the 16-person life raft instead of the six-person rescue boat for the 10 crew members to abandon ship. The crew too would have been drilled to close the water-tight compartments, and to assemble at the Muster Point with their life jackets appropriately worn. Ringing the general alarm would also have made the crew more aware of the situation and the closing of the water-tight compartments would have slowed down the rate of sinking.

05、本文对谁有用？

Who may benefit? 

海员，船东和船舶经营人，船籍国主管机关。

Seafarers, shipowners and operators, flag Administrators.

知识补给站

船舶海水管道在船舶当中主要起到推进保障系统，保护发电机和辅助系统的重要作用。通过海水管道当中大量的海水来冷却主辅机和消防以及清洗等任务，是必不可少的。但是船舶当中的海水管道由于和海水长时间的接触，很容易产生腐蚀，严重的还会直接威胁到船舶工作人员的生命安全。

船舶海水管道的维护保养措施：

定期检查管路，及时发现管路腐蚀、腐烂现象。

换新管子时要避免使用与原材料不同的管子，以免发生电腐蚀。若无法避免，应当在紧固件和管路之间，管路和设备之间，装上不透性塑料制作的填料垫圈和衬套。

在对新管子进行安装之前，要进行防腐处理，可采取涂刷防锈漆、镀锌等方式。

寒冷天气要加强管理，防止管道结冰。

SOLAS公约第II-1章第48条关于

船舶防止浸水规定：

1. 周期性无人值班机器处所的舱底污水阱的位置和监测，应使液体的积聚在正常纵倾和横倾角度时能够探知；并应大得足以易于容纳无人照管期间的正常泄水量。

2. 当舱底泵能够自动起动时，应有满足注入的液体大于泵的容量或泵比通常预计的更频繁地工作的装置。在这些情况下，可以允许采用足以维持一个合理时间的较小的舱底污水阱。当备有自动控制舱底泵时，应特别注意防止油污的要求。

3. 海水进口、水线下排水或舱底喷射系统等任何阀门的控制设备所在位置应是当水注入该处所时能有足够时间来操作，并要顾及到达和操作这些控制设备所需的时间。如所要求的位置可能于船舱满载情况下被水所浸，则应作出安排，能在该位置以上地点操作这些控制装置。