散货船首仓排水阀故障解析

美国船级社（ABS）近期发布通告，针对散货船首楼区域排水系统手动吸入阀（dewatering system manually operated suction valves）的合规性问题发出明确警示。通告显示，ABS在近期检查中发现两艘分属不同船东/管理公司的散货船，均存在手动吸入阀关闭或设置操作限制缺陷。

1st Case: The suction valve was found in the closed position with a warning sign instructing the crew tokeep it closed while in port to avoid accidental discharges.

案例一：吸入阀处于关闭状态，且附有警示标识，明确要求船员在港期间保持阀门关闭，以防发生意外排放。

• 2nd Case: A label above the dewatering valve stated: “DO NOT OPEN WITHOUT CHIEF OFFICER’SPERMISSION”. 

案例二：排水阀上方的标识显示：“未经大副许可，严禁开启”。

公约要求（散货船）

SOLAS公约第十二章第13.1条结合MSC/Circ.1069通函及IACS UI SC179修订版3号文件规定：

S74/CXII/R13: Refer to the Interpretation of SOLAS regulation XII/13 (MSC/Circ.1069).(This regulation applies to bulk carriers regardless of their date of construction) 

1 On bulk carriers, the means for draining and pumping ballast tanks forward of the collision bulkhead and bilges of dry spaces any part of which extends forward of the foremost cargo hold shall be capable of being brought into operation from a readily accessible enclosed space, the location of which is accessible from the navigation bridge or propulsion machinery control position without traversing exposed freeboard or superstructure decks. Where pipes serving such tanks or bilges pierce the collision bulkhead, valve operation by means of remotely operated actuators may be accepted, as an alternative to the valve control specified in regulation II-1/12, provided that the location of such valve controls complies with this regulation.

2 Bulk carriers constructed before 1 July 2004 shall comply with the requirements of this regulation not later than the date of the first intermediate or renewal survey of the ship to be carried out after 1 July 2004, but, in no case, later than 1 July 2007.

对于散货船，碰撞舱壁前方压载舱的排水和泵送装置，以及任何部分延伸至最前货舱前方的干货舱舱底水排水和泵送装置，均应能从一个易于到达的封闭空间启动操作。该封闭空间的位置应满足：从驾驶台或推进机械控制位置可直接到达，无需穿越露天干舷甲板或上层建筑甲板。若为上述压载舱或舱底水服务的管道穿透碰撞舱壁，则可采用遥控执行器操作阀门，作为第 II-1/12 条规则规定的阀门控制方式的替代方案，但此类阀门控制装置的安装位置必须符合本规则要求。 

MSC/Circ.1069：

1 The spaces where availability of pumping systems is required in accordance with paragraph 1 of SOLAS regulation XII/13 should be the same watertight spaces where water level detectors are required in accordance with paragraph 1.3 of SOLAS regulation XII/12.

2 This means that paragraph 1 of regulation XII/13 does not apply to the enclosed spaces the volume of which does not exceed 0.1% of the ship's maximum displacement volume and to the chain cable locker.

要求配备水位探测器的水密舱室保持一致，就是要有声光报警器。

容积不超过船舶最大排水量 0.1% 的封闭舱室和锚链舱，不需安装声光报警器。

ABS强调，公约已通过系统设计层面规避意外排放风险，无需通过关闭阀门的方式防控意外排放。

这意味着，在港口等停泊场景下，只要不主动操作遥控阀和启动相关泵组，即使手动吸入阀保持开启，也不会发生意外排放。船方以“防排放”为由关闭手动吸入阀，本质上是对系统设计逻辑的误解。

检查要点

1、相关处所是否设有水位探测器，安装位置是否符合要求，并且在驾驶室显示声、光报警。

2、水位指示器应该能够由两个独立的电源供电。主电源发生故障时应发出警报。

3、排放和泵吸位于防撞舱壁前方的压载舱的压载水以及其任何部分延伸至最前部货舱前方的干燥处所的舱底水的阀门应能在集中控制室遥控控制。

4、检查相关阀门是否处在正确的开或者关的位置。

5、检查泵吸系统是否能正常排出处所内的液体。

6、检查船员是否知晓报警的含义，是否熟悉系统的操作。

常见缺陷

1、船员不熟悉泵系有效性原理功能及设备的操作步骤。

2、排水阀门故障，遥控操作失效。“THE DEWATERING VALVES INSTALLED IN BOSUN STORE AND F.P.T BULKHEAD OUT OF ORDER AS UNABLE TO BE OPERATED REMOTELY FROM BRIDGE”

3、控制面板上遥控开关按钮的标识序号与遥控阀的就地标识序号不一致。

4、相关处所用于排水的泵系存在缺陷，无法实现排水。“PUMP SYSTEM FAILED TO DRAIN WATER FROM FORE PEAK TANK”

5、艏尖舱排水结束后，报警装置的越控开关没有及时复位，导致该处所水位失去监测。

6、相关处所的水位探测器损坏、故障、误报警，安装位置不符合要求。

7、污水井中有杂物，排水管路堵塞。

8、进水报警系统故障、失效。

信德海事安全综合报道