航速油耗索赔一直是租约争议中的热门话题,其中既涉及的保证的航速油耗,还涉及了燃油节省。为此笔者特意分享以下案例给诸位读者,希望能给大家带来一些收获。
案例事实:
出租人与承租人以修订过的NYPE 格式签订了一份3-5个月租家有选择权的短期期租合同。该船于1月2日交付给租家的服务。该船于1月30日(在交付租家服务后28天)满载146,001吨铁矿石货物从 Tubarao 起航,并于3月9日抵达中国马迹山港。该航程中有争议,租家索赔179,778.36美元,包括因涉嫌损失时间和燃油超耗而损失 139,801.54 美元,以及另外39,976.80美元的其他争议,这里我们主要来看损失时间和燃油超耗的争议。
关于航速和履约性能表现的争议,租船合同第29条规定,
“SPEED/CONSUMPTION UNDER ALWAYS ABOUT AND UNDER GOOD WEATHER CONDITIONS UP TOBES 4 AND NOT AGAINST HEAD CURRENT
ABT 14.5 KN BALL ON ABT 41 MTS IFO (380 CST) + 1 MTS MDO
ABT 13.5 KN LADEN ON ABT 46 MTS IFO (380 CST) + 1 MTS MDO”
租家索赔:
租家认为该船在航行期间的表现表明船东在交付时违反了租船合同第29条,即该船仅能通过12.23节的水保持良好的天气速度,每日消耗44.90吨的IFO和0.87吨的 MDO。租家认为该船在重载航程损失了53.09小时,或2.211981天,每日租金为65,500 美元,相当于144,884.73美元,并且超耗12.71吨的IFO,每吨170 美元,相当于2,161.05美元。考虑到租家和经纪佣金,船舶表现不佳的索赔额为 139,801.54 美元。
在索赔中租家允许航速保证13.5KN±0.5,但是对燃油消耗的“about”计算的允差为3%,即
1.船东的最低义务是提供一艘能够以最低13节速度航行的船舶,最大消耗量为47.38吨IFO和1.03吨 MDO ;
2.船东的最大义务是提供一个能够以最快14节速度航行的船舶,最小消耗量为44.62吨IFO和 0.97 吨MDO。
租家把前述A作为船舶最大允许耗油的计算依据,把前述B作为节省燃油的计算依据。
船东抗辩:
船东认可关于航速保证13.5KN±0.5,但是认为燃油消耗“about”允差适用范围应为5%,即船东认为前述A中所述最大消耗量应为48.3吨IFO和1.05吨 MDO,燃油节省也应当参考该数值。
仲裁庭认为:
1.关于时间损失还是要按照整个航程计算结果,即总航程10900.5海里,实际航速参考航行中5个好天气的航速为12.28KN,最低保证航速为13KN,那时间损失应为10900.5/12.28-10900.5/13=49.16h,相当于130,819.28美金(包含了船东应支付给经纪的佣金等);
2.关于“about”允差适用范围,没有特殊情况之前的判例一直是延用5%,本案亦应当参考之前判例为5%。
3.关于燃油是否过度消耗计算,仲裁庭参考了The Al Bida [1986] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 142 z中Evans 法官的判词“In my judgment, the owner’s construction is correct, and is justified in law by the principle or rule that a contracting party is not to be held liable in damages for failing to achieve more than the minimum obligation which he undertook by his contract...”,所以应当按照租约约定的船东最低义务来计算,即以最低13节速度航行的船舶最大消耗量应为48.3吨IFO和1.05吨 MDO。这样计算燃油消耗并未超过租约规定所承担的最低义务,没有燃油过度消耗,船东不承担赔偿责任。
4.关于燃油是否节省,仲裁庭驳回了船东和租家的说法,理由是虽然租约中约定了“about”的允差,但是该允差应当是作为“盾”来防御来自租家的索赔,而不是作为攻击租家的“剑”来使用。正如船东不能用它来降低燃油节省的计算门槛一样,租家也不能把它用作提高计算燃油节省的门槛。
“...The margin permitted by the term “about” was clearly intended to act as a shield against claims that would otherwise be made against the owners rather than as a sword to cut down the measure of the charterers' other losses. The owners could not be heard to say that “the vessel underperformed and consumed more bunkers than described but because it did not overconsume as much as it might have done we can treat that as a saving and reduce your loss of time claim". For that reason the tribunal would reject the owners’ submission that any saving in bunker consumption should be measured by reference to its warranted consumption plus 5%.
However, just as the owners could not take the benefit of any allowance for the term“about” in order to increase the threshold for calculating bunker savings, the tribunal also concluded that the charterers could not do so to lower that threshold...”
所以仲裁庭认为燃油节省仍然要参考约定油耗耗量46吨IFO和1吨 MDO作为参考计算,所以没有燃油节省。
参考:
London Arbitration 20/07