CPI 资讯 No. 737
作者:刘轩昂
摘 要
自从2023年11月红海危机爆发以来,地区局势愈演愈烈,红海航运危机持续升级。协会也因此收到了大量会员的相关咨询和案件。面对胡塞武装袭击的日益加剧,处于定期租船中的船东首先需要考虑的问题是在定期租船合同下,能否拒绝租船人前往红海、亚丁湾水域(相关水域)的航次指示;而处于航次租船中的船东,则更关注是否有权利合理绕航好望角。这些问题在本质上都涉及到船东对于前往相关水域的风险评估,本文系对实务中遇到的咨询频率最高问题汇总,以期对航运公司的风险评估工作有所帮助。
01 The Triton Lark [2012]
1 Lloyd’s Rep 151案的指引
实践中,船东想要拒绝租船人前往相关水域的航次指示或者想要绕航好望角,通常会引用运输合同中的战争(海盗)条款。这其中,最为常见的就是BIMCO的WAR RISKS CLAUSE FOR TIME CHARTERING 2013(CONWARTIME 2013)以及WAR RISKS CLAUSE FOR VOYAGE CHARTERING 2013(VOYWAR 2013)或者其他版本。在这些条款中,船东要想拒绝租船人的航次指示,除了其他标准外(比如是否属于条款定义的战争、海盗,此不赘述),最重要的一个标准是:the Vessel, cargo, crew or other persons on board the Vessel, in the reasonable judgement of the Master and/or the Owners, may be (or are likely to be) exposed to War Risks(参见,比如CONWARTIME 2013第(b)款、VOYWAR 2013第(b)款)。
就何为in the reasonable judgement及may be (or are likely to be),这其实是给船东在实际决定的过程中带来了很大困扰的,对此引用最多的判例就是The Triton Lark案。该案的相关条款是CONWARTIME 1993,相较于CONWARTIME 2013,其在may be之外还有or are likely to be的措辞(不过对于分析影响不大)。法官对于may be (or are likely to be)的理解是(判决第40段):The phrase "may be, or are likely to be, exposed to War Risks" in sub-clause (2) of CONWARTIME 1993 expressed a single degree of possibility or probability, namely "likely to be". The parties' intentions were best captured by the concept of a "real likelihood" that the vessel would be exposed to acts of piracy. The adjective "real" reflected the need for the likelihood to be based on evidence rather than to be a fanciful likelihood based on speculation. Whilst "a real likelihood" included an event that was more likely than not to happen it could also include an event which had a less than an even chance of happening. A bare possibility would not be included. "Real likelihood" was to be understood in the sense of a real danger (see paras 38 and 40).
简而言之,要想构成may be (or are likely to be),不能是简单的可能性,而是需要有现实的危险才行。
关于何为合理判断(reasonable judgement),判决认为(第55段):Assuming that CONWARTIME 1993 conferred a discretion or power on the owners to make a decision which could affect both parties there was no necessity to imply any term as to how that discretion or power must be exercised because the clause said expressly that the owner's judgment must be "reasonable". The effect of that clause is that the owners must make a judgment. It must be made in good faith; otherwise it would not be a judgment but a device to obtain a financial gain. Further, the judgment reached must be objectively reasonable. An owner who wishes to ensure that his judgment is objectively reasonable will make all necessary enquiries. If he makes no enquiries at all it may be concluded that he did not reach a judgment in good faith. But if he makes those enquiries which he considers sufficient but fails to make all necessary enquiries before reaching his judgment I do not consider that his judgment will on that account be judged unreasonable if in fact it was an objectively reasonable judgment and would have been shown to be so had all necessary enquiries been made.
从该段判决中,可以理解出:船东(船长)的判断必须是合理的,这里的合理是客观标准。要想构成合理,船东(船长)的判断必须是善意的并且最好进行了所有必要的咨询(make all necessary enquiries),而不能主观臆断地、没有任何实质性依据地做出拒绝航次指示、进行绕航的决定。现实中,这种咨询通常以风险评估的形式进行;也就是说船东(船长)在引用战争条款做出拒绝进入相关水域的决定之前,需要进行各项咨询和评估工作。
02 内外部风险评估报告及常见问题
实务中,协会遇到了多种风险评估(报告)。这些评估(报告)有些非常简单,有些依据相对充足。根据做出的主体不同,大概可以分为两类:
1. 内部报告,即船公司内部人员基于搜集到的信息和评估做出的是否穿越相关水域或者挂靠相关水域的报告(决定)。
2. 外部报告,即聘用的第三方专业风险评估(risk-assessment)公司或者情报公司(intelligence)做出的报告。
关于这些评估或者报告中可能存在的问题,协会提醒会员注意如下几点。
1很多评估或者报告都仅仅是对事实的简单列举,比如某某时间某条船舶遭受了袭击,其类似于对新闻报道的重复。如果船东仅仅依赖这些信息就做出“去与不去”的结论是不充足的,因为其并未针对任何特定船舶的特点进行分析,比如船型、船期、租船人、贸易商、挂靠港口、是否有护航等,更没有考虑具体的合同条款。
2一些评估报告可能考虑了船舶和航次的具体情况,但是在结论部分只是说提高了相关水域的风险等级。然而,这些报告并没有下定结论判断某条船舶可以拒绝航行于相关水域或者说相关水域对于某条具体的船舶来讲已经达到了法律要求的危险程度;言外之意,船东还是要结合法律和已有报告自己做出的进一步分析,而最好不要简单依赖风险等级被提高这一结论。
3有些风险评估报告可能只会笼统地说某些特别船型的船舶、某些特定的水域(比如靠近也门沿海)更加容易遭受袭击,进而给出风险防范建议。但是这些报告的目的可能更加倾向于为船东和船舶提供防损建议,而并非直接用于评估船舶能否拒绝前往相关水域。
03风险评估应当考虑的事项
面对法律和合同条款的要求,协会认为,对于想要拒绝前往相关水域的船东,在进行相关风险评估时可能要考虑(但不限于)下列因素和事项:
1. 船舶的船型及所运载的货物。
2. 船舶的船籍和船旗。
3. 运输合同链条以及贸易链条是否涉及容易被袭击或者胡塞武装已经声明会袭击的实体。比如租船人、贸易商的国籍、注册地和身份。
4. 该船舶或者该公司其他船舶曾经挂靠过的港口。
5. 航次开始前、开始时以及进入相关区域时媒体的报道和相关方的声明。
6. 已经发生的袭击事件的频率、特征、手段和造成的损害等。袭击是否越来越倾向于无差别化、袭击是否呈现愈发严重的态势?
7. 其他类似船型和航线的船东都是怎么做的?
8. 相关措施,比如护航等是否能够有效降低风险。
9. 第三方风险评估公司有针对性的看法和意见。
10. 任何评估都要以“逐案进行”(case by case), “逐船进行”(vessel by vessel)为基础,最好不要总而盖之。
11. 当然,任何的评估都不能只看事实本身,还要结合合同条款和法律的规定。
12. 虽然说法律并没有要求这样做,但是最好的做法是在聘用外部评估公司做出报告之后,由内部专家再结合所涉船舶和航次的情况进行进一步风险评估直到做出最终决定。
13. 任何风险评估过程中所涉及到的文件、信息等都应当被妥善保存,以备争议产生时作为证据证明船东已经进行了合理判断。
特别提醒注意的是,上述只是协会对相关问题进行的简要介绍和总结,遵循上述任何内容不代表船东已经完成了法律的证明要求;在做出决定之前,协会建议会员就个案咨询协会和律师。
协会将继续跟进事态发展并会针对红海问题涉及到的其他法律问题进一步更新。